图源:新华社——VAR工作间
今天就让我们一起来了解
世界杯里的“黑科技”
看看在本届世界杯中
它们又会有怎样的应用呢?
从没有裁判到科技协助裁判
回望百余年前,最初的足球规则甚至都没有引入裁判这个概念。
起初,球场上出现的争议由双方队长商议解决,不过,随之而来的抱怨和混乱让队长们力不从心。于是,裁判的角色应运而生,他口中的哨子甚至要比裁判本身更早进入到足球规则里。在随后的日子里,两名助理裁判(或称之为边裁)加入比赛,辅助主裁判对比赛做出判罚。
图源:网络——国际足球协会理事会(IFAB)编纂的《竞赛规则》
电视转播的出现,让观众能够更加清晰地观察到赛场上的细节,也促使裁判的辅助工具实现“进化”。英超是最先提出使用门线技术的主流联赛,不过他们的动议起初却遭到了国际足球协会理事会(IFAB)拒绝。
门线技术(Goal-line technology)可以判断球是否越过了球门线,从而判断是否进球有效,该系统是基于嵌进球中的一个芯片,当球穿过布于球门区域的传感器时,芯片可向主裁判所佩戴的智能腕表发送信号。
2010年南非世界杯中的一场比赛,成为这一技术得以使用的重要转折点。在英格兰对阵德国的八分之一决赛中,三狮军团中场兰帕德一脚精彩的射门已明显越过门线,但却被裁判吹罚无效。最终,英格兰以1:4惨遭淘汰。
兰帕德的“门线冤案”,促使门线技术投入到使用中
这粒被吹出的入球不仅促使门线技术被正式采用,也极大地扭转了足球规则的制定者们对于使用高科技手段的态度。
后来,随着科技的发展,VAR技术在所有大型比赛和50多个国家(地区)的联赛等比赛中都得到了广泛的使用。
VAR是英文Video Assistant Referee的缩写,也被称作“视频助理裁判”,由现役裁判员担任,他的职责是通过回放视频向裁判员提供信息,协助裁判员纠正改变比赛走势清晰明显的错漏判,提高判罚的准确性。
VAR主要依靠遍布足球场上的多个摄像机镜头,多机位,多角度捕捉场上球员的每一个细小动作,从而做到“火眼金睛”。当场上出现争议判罚或主裁判需要调取比赛录像时,由技术人员操作,调出相对应的回放节点,以得到更加公正的比赛判罚。
技术创新的最新成果
虽然VAR也可以辅助裁判进行越位识别,但有时碍于镜头角度以及划线位置,在一些体毛级越位的判定上,VAR仍有其局限性。
图源:网络 半自动越位识别技术工作原理
半自动越位识别技术(SAOT)可以理解为VAR的延伸,每座球场顶部将设置12台特制摄像机,对场上的足球和球员进行追踪,以每秒50次的频率发送数据,能够精准确定每名球员的位置。特制摄像机和球内传感器收集的数据信息将由人工智能系统进行分析,只需几秒钟就能对越位情况作出判断。
图源:网络 半自动越位识别技术示意图
主裁判判罚完成后,SAOT会生成3D动画图像,在场内大屏幕以及电视上播放,以更直观地展示球员越位的具体位置,让判罚更加清晰、有说服力。
2021年阿拉伯杯及2021年世俱杯等赛事中的测试中,半自动越位识别技术取得了不错的效果。有统计数据显示,在该技术支持下,视频助理裁判检查越位的平均时长从70秒以上降至25秒。
图源:网络 2022卡塔尔世界杯官方海报
从起初的哨音
到如今先进的
半自动越位识别技术
裁判员的“工具箱”不断升级
历经一百多年的发展历程
足球运动能够始终
作为全世界开展最广泛
最受欢迎的运动之一
不断创新是它最主要的动力之源
资料来源:人民网、人民日报体育、环球杂志、澎湃新闻
整理:董小娴 蔡琳
中新网评:处理核污水绝不是日本自家私事******
中新网北京1月19日电(蒋鲤)日本政府近日称,将于2023年春夏期间开始向海洋排放经过处理的福岛第一核电站核污水。日本罔顾国内民众及周边国家的屡屡反对,企图将核污水“一倒了之”,把一件关乎全球海洋生态环境和公众健康的事当成了自家私事。
资料图:日本福岛第一核电站。2011年,福岛核电站事故发生后,大量放射性物质泄漏到大气层和太平洋,对周围环境造成了难以逆转的伤害,数十万人被迫撤离该地区。时至今日,作为日本邻国之一的韩国仍未解除福岛海鲜禁令。
日本以核污水存储能力即将达到上限为由,在2021年4月13日,正式决定将福岛第一核电站核污水排入太平洋。过去一年多,日本政府和东京电力公司一直在持续推进核污水排海计划。
日本政府辩称,这些核污水经多核素处理系统(ALPS)处理后很安全,甚至“可以喝”,这样的表态无疑在愚弄大众。
事实上,经过处理的核污水仍含有多种放射性物质,核污水一旦排放入海就无法回收,长期来看,将会给海洋生态带来难以估量的潜在威胁,最终危害人类健康。
因此,核污水排海计划推出后,遭到日本民众强烈反对。日本《朝日新闻》2022年3月公布的问卷调查显示,福岛县、宫城县和岩手县受访的42个市町村长中,约六成反对东京电力公司福岛第一核电站核污水排放入海。日本全国渔业协会联合会也多次申明立场,反对该计划。
日本政府认为,核污水排海是最便宜、最省事的解决方案,但此举却将周边国家乃至全世界置于核污染风险中。太平洋非日本一家之海,核污水会随着洋流流动,其影响势必会跨越国界,危害周边国家乃至整个国际社会的公共福祉和利益。
《韩国经济新闻》发文称,相关研究认为,福岛核污水如果排放入海,约7个月后将到达济州等韩国海域,该国水产业和旅游业将遭受相当大的损失。
德国南极海洋机构也曾发出警告,若日本将所有核污水排入海中,不到半年,整个太平洋都将面临高度辐射威胁,包括远在大洋另一端的美国。太平洋地区人民更是对日本该计划持反对意见。
日本作为《联合国海洋法公约》缔约国,有义务保护海洋环境。然而,在核污水排海方案的正当性、核污水数据的可靠性、净化装置的有效性、环境影响的不确定性等问题上,日本未能作出科学、可信的说明。
国际原子能机构技术工作组虽已三次赴日实地考察评估,但尚未就日排海方案的安全性给出结论,并且对日本提出诸多澄清要求和整改意见。在此情况下,日本仍执意推进核污水排海工程建设,这是极不负责任的行为。
太平洋不是日本的下水道,日本必须正视各方合理关切,在与周边国家等相关利益方和国际原子能机构充分协商后,制定合理的核污水处理方案。日本也要着眼长远,若只顾眼前,执意将核污水排放入海,不仅其自身,周边国家乃至全世界都将为之买单,其后果必将会危害数代人。
Fukushima water disposal by no means Japan’s own business
By John Lee
(ECNS) -- Japan has announced it will release treated wastewater from the wrecked Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant into the Pacific Ocean this year.
Although Fukushima wastewater disposal affects global marine ecological environment protection and public health, Japan has turned a deaf ear to domestic and international opposition to dumping the contaminated water into the sea, treating the "global" matter as its own business.
The Fukushima accident in 2011 had sent large quantities of radiation into the atmosphere and the Pacific Ocean, causing irreversible damage to the surrounding environment, and hundreds of thousands of people were forced to evacuate the area. South Korea still maintains its import ban on Japanese seafood from areas affected by the Fukushima nuclear disaster.
On April 13, 2021, Japan announced it had decided to discharge contaminated radioactive wastewater in Fukushima Prefecture into the sea due to dwindling storage space, with the Japanese government and plant operator Tokyo Electric Power Company Holdings Inc. promoting the release plan over the past year.
The Japanese government argues that the water treated by an advanced liquid processing system, or ALPS, is safe and drinkable, which is undoubtedly fooling the public.
In fact, the treated wastewater still includes a variety of radioactive substances and can’t be recycled once discharged into the sea, which will pose a great threat to marine ecology and ultimately endanger human health in the long run.
Therefore, the discharge plan has been strongly opposed in Japan. According to a questionnaire conducted by The Asahi Shimbun, nearly 60 percent of mayors of 42 municipalities in Iwate, Miyagi and Fukushima prefectures oppose the discharge plan. The National Fisheries Cooperative Federation of Japan has also repeatedly stated its opposition in public.
The Japanese government believes that dumping Fukushima wastewater into the sea is the cheapest and most convenient solution, but neighboring countries and even the whole world will be at risk of nuclear pollution.
The Pacific Ocean doesn’t belong to Japan and the wastewater flow along oceanic currents will surely break boundaries and endanger public welfare and the interests of neighboring countries and even the international community.
The Korea Economic Daily reported that related research concluded that if contaminated water from Fukushima is released into the ocean, it would only take seven months for the contaminated water to reach the shores of Jeju Island, with the country's aquaculture and tourism suffering considerable losses.
According to the calculation of a German marine scientific research institute, radioactive materials will spread to most of the Pacific Ocean within half a year from the date of discharge, and the U.S. and Canada will be affected by nuclear pollution. People in the Pacific region also oppose the discharge plan.
As a participant of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, Japan has the obligation of protecting the marine environment.
However, it hasn’t offered a full and convincing explanation on issues like the legitimacy of the discharge plan, the reliability of data on the nuclear-contaminated water, the efficacy of the treatment system or the uncertainty of environmental impact.
Though the IAEA has yet to complete a comprehensive review after three investigations in Japan, the Japanese side has been pushing through the approval process for its discharge plan and even started building facilities for the discharge. It is rather irresponsible for Japan to act against public opinion at home and concerns abroad.
The Pacific Ocean is not a private Japanese sewer. The country must seriously heed the voices of the international community and make a reasonable plan for the Fukushima wastewater disposal after full consultation with stakeholders and international agencies.
If it only seeks instant interest and insists on discharging the contaminated water into the sea, not only itself, but also its neighboring countries and the entire world will pay for the decision and several generations will be forced to bear the consequence.
(文图:赵筱尘 巫邓炎) [责编:天天中] 阅读剩余全文() |